Factors other than the rise of photography may be more directly responsible for the portrait miniature’s decline.

Although portrait miniatures became less common than photographs, they were widely regarded as having more artistic merit.

The popularity of the portrait miniature likely persisted for longer than art historians have assumed.

As demand for portrait miniatures decreased, portrait artists likely shifted their creative focus to photography.

English

PASSAGE: A common assumption among art historians is that the invention of photography in the mid-nineteenth century displaced the painted portrait in the public consciousness. The diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature, which coincided with the rise of photography, seems to support this claim. However, photography’s impact on the portrait miniature may be overstated. Although records from art exhibitions in the Netherlands from 1820 to 1892 show a decrease in the number of both full-sized and miniature portraits submitted, this trend was established before the invention of photography. QUESTION: Based on the text, what can be concluded about the diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature in the nineteenth century?

demonstrate the difficulties faced by contemporary historians in conducting research at the Bodleian Library without access to ephemera.

represent the challenge of incorporating examples of ephemera into the collections of libraries and other scholarly institutions.

lend support to arguments by historians and other researchers who continue to assert that ephemera holds no value for scholars.

illustrate both the relatively low scholarly regard in which ephemera was once held and the later recognition of ephemera’s possible utility.

PASSAGE: In her 2021 article “Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera,” scholar Anne Garner discusses John Johnson (1882–1956), a devoted collector of items intended to be discarded, including bus tickets and campaign pamphlets. Johnson recognized that scholarly institutions considered his expansive collection of ephemera to be worthless—indeed, it wasn’t until 1968, after Johnson’s death, that Oxford University’s Bodleian Library acquired the collection, having grasped the items’ potential value to historians and other researchers. Hence, the example of Johnson serves to ______ QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?

A large majority of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement before the next election didn’t respond to the inquiry.

The proportion of municipalities that responded to the inquiry or offered incentives didn’t substantially differ across the announcement timing conditions.

Only around half the municipalities that responded to inquiries mentioning plans for an announcement before the next election offered incentives.

Of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement date after the next election, more than 1,200 didn’t respond and only around 100 offered incentives.

PASSAGE: In the United States, firms often seek incentives from municipal governments to expand to those municipalities. A team of political scientists hypothesized that municipalities are much more likely to respond to firms and offer incentives if expansions can be announced in time to benefit local elected officials than if they can’t. The team contacted officials in thousands of municipalities, inquiring about incentives for a firm looking to expand and indicating that the firm would announce its expansion on a date either just before or just after the next election. QUESTION: Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the team’s hypothesis?

The choice of a New York City venue likely enabled the play’s creators to experiment with the use of theatrical space in a way that venues from earlier productions could not.

Audience members likely find the experience of the play disappointing because they generally cannot make their way through the entire venue.

The production’s dependence on a particular performance environment would likely make it difficult to reproduce exactly in a different theatrical space.

Audience members who navigate the space according to a recommended itinerary will likely have a better grasp of the play’s narrative than audience members who depart from that itinerary. 

PASSAGE: The most recent iteration of the immersive theater experience Sleep No More, which premiered in New York City in 2011, transforms its performance space—a five-story warehouse—into a 1930s-era hotel. Audience members, who wander through the labyrinthine venue at their own pace and follow the actors as they play out simultaneous, interweaving narrative loops, confront the impossibility of experiencing the production in its entirety. The play’s refusal of narrative coherence thus hinges on the sense of spatial fragmentation that the venue’s immense and intricate layout generates. QUESTION: What does the text most strongly suggest about Sleep No More’s use of its performance space?

The LINE transposon in O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides genomes is active in an octopus brain structure that functions similarly to the human hippocampus.

The human genome contains multiple transposons from the LINE family that are all primarily active in the hippocampus.

A consistent number of copies of LINE transposons is present across the genomes of most octopus species, with few known corruptions.

O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides have smaller brains than humans do relative to body size, but their genomes contain sequences from a wider variety of transposon families.

PASSAGE: Although many transposons, DNA sequences that move within an organism’s genome through shuffling or duplication,have become corrupted and inactive over time, those from the long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) family appear to remain active in the genomes of some species. In humans, they are functionally important within the hippocampus, brain structure that supports complex cognitive processes. When the results of molecular analysis of two species of octopus—an animal known for its intelligence—were announced in 2022, the confirmation of a LINE transposon in Octopus vulgaris and Octopus bimaculoides genomes prompted researchers to hypothesize that that transposon family is tied to a species’ capacity for advanced cognition.
 QUESTION: Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?

Barve’s investigation shows that some species of Himalayan songbirds have evolved feathers that better regulate body temperature than do the feathers of other species, contradicting previous predictions.

Barve found an association between habitat temperature and feather structure among Himalayan songbirds, lending new support to a general prediction.

Barve discovered that songbirds have adapted to their environment by growing feathers without flat and smooth sections, complicating an earlier hypothesis.

The results of Barve’s study suggest that the ability of birds to withstand cold temperatures is determined more strongly by feather length than feather structure, challenging an established belief.

PASSAGE: Biologists have predicted that birds’ feather structures vary with habitat temperature, but this hadn’t been tested in mountain environments. Ornithologist Sahas Barve studied feathers from 249 songbird species inhabiting different elevations—and thus experiencing different temperatures—in the Himalaya Mountains. He found that feathers of high-elevation species not only have a greater proportion of warming downy sections to flat and smooth sections than do feathers of low-elevation species, but high-elevation species’ feathers also tend to be longer, providing a thicker layer of insulation.






 QUESTION: Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

find the disruptions more irritating as time went on

 rate the listening experience as more negative than those whose listening experience was uninterrupted.

rate the experience of listening to construction noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.

 perceive the volume of the construction noise as growing softer over time.

PASSAGE: Researchers recently found that disruptions to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of advertisements during a television show, often increase viewers' reported enjoyment. Suspecting that disruptions to an unpleasant experience would have the opposite effect, the researchers had participants listen to construction noise for 30 minutes and anticipated that those whose listening experience was frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus ______ QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?

Isoguanine and purine were detected in both meteorite samples but not in the soil sample.

 Adenine and xanthine were detected in both of the meteorite samples and in the soil sample.

 Hypoxanthine and purine were detected in both the Murchison meteorite sample 2 and in the soil sample.

 Isoguanine and hypoxanthine were detected in the Murchison meteorite sample 1 but not in sample 2.

PASSAGE: Employing high-performance liquid chromatography—a process that uses pressurized water to separate material into its component molecules—astrochemist Yashiro Oba and colleagues analyzed two samples of the Murchison meteorite that landed in Australia as well as soil from the landing zone of the meteorite to determine the concentrations of various organic molecules. By comparing the relative concentrations of types of molecules known as nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite with those in the soil, the team concluded that there is evidence that the nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite formed in space and are not the result of contamination on Earth.








 QUESTION: Which choice best describes data from the table that support the team’s conclusion?

It holds a greater number of fossils but from a smaller variety of species than the formation in the Minatogawa quarry does.

It has provided evidence that the earliest human species may have emerged before the Pleistocene era.

It is widely considered by paleontologists to be the most valuable source of information about prehistoric life forms.

 It contains specimens from an older time period than those found in the formation in the Minatogawa quarry.

PASSAGE: Paleontologists searching for signs of ancient life have found many fossilized specimens of prehistoric human ancestors, including several from the Pleistocene era discovered in a geological formation in the Minatogawa quarry in Japan. However, to study the emergence of the earliest multicellular organisms to appear on Earth, researchers must turn elsewhere, such as to the Ediacaran geological formation at Mistaken Point in Canada. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the 146-hectare reserve contains more than 10,000 fossils that together document a critical moment in evolutionary history. QUESTION: What does the text indicate about the geological formation at Mistaken Point?

 The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.

 The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful river counties.

The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited location.

The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame them.

PASSAGE: The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe's 1849 story "Landor's Cottage."

During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, I found myself, as the 1  day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for the last hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer knew in what direction lay the sweet village of 2  B--, where I had determined to stop for the night QUESTION: Which choice best states the main idea of the text?



Many have come to tolerate him despite his disheveled appearance.

Few feel concerned that he will divulge their confidences.

Some dislike how freely he discusses his own family.

Most would be unimpressed by him were it not for his professional expertise.

PASSAGE: The following text is adapted from María Cristina Mena’s 1914 short story “The Vine-Leaf.”

"It is a saying in the capital of Mexico that Dr. Malsufrido carries more family secrets under his hat than any archbishop.
The doctor’s hat is, appropriately enough, uncommonly capacious, rising very high, and sinking so low that it seems to be supported by his ears and eyebrows, and it has a furry look, as if it had been brushed the wrong way, which is perhaps what happens to it if it is ever brushed at all. When the doctor takes it off, the family secrets do not fly out like a flock of parrots, but remain nicely bottled up beneath a dome of old and highly polished ivory." QUESTION: Based on the text, how do people in the capital of Mexico most likely regard Dr. Malsufrido?



"At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, about 2 percent of the adult male population of England were monks; by 1690, the proportion of the adult male population who were monks was less than 1 percent."    

"A contemporary description of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Michael Sherbrook's Falle of the Religious Howses, recounts witness testimony that monks were allowed to keep the contents of their cells and that the monastery timber was purchased by local yeomen."

"In 1535, the year before enacting the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry commissioned a survey of the value of church holdings in England-the work, performed by sheriffs, bishops, and magistrates, began that January and was swiftly completed by the summer."

"The October 1536 revolt known as the Pilgrimage of Grace had several economic motives: high food prices due to a poor harvest the prior year, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, which closed reliable sources of food and shelter for many; and rents and taxes throughout Northern England that were not merely high but predatory."

PASSAGE: In 1534 CE, King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, in part because Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Two years later, Henry VIII introduced a policy titled the Dissolution of the Monasteries that by 1540 had resulted in the closure of all Catholic monasteries in England and the confiscation of their estates. Some historians assert that the enactment of the policy was primarily motivated by perceived financial opportunities.
 QUESTION: Which quotation from a scholarly article best supports the assertion of the historians mentioned in the text?

On average, participants’ ratings of the helpfulness of the review were substantially higher than were participants’ ratings of the reviewed product regardless of which type of review participants had seen.

Compared with participants who saw the control review, participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful, whereas participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful.

Participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful than participants who saw the control review did, but participants’ attitude toward the reviewed product was slightly worse when participants saw the low-anger review than when they saw the no-anger review.

Compared with participants who saw the low-anger review, participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful and had a less positive attitude toward the reviewed product.

PASSAGE: To understand how expressions of anger in reviews of products affect readers of those reviews, business scholar Dezhi Yin and colleagues measured study participants’ responses to three versions of the same negative review—a control review expressing no anger, a review expressing a high degree of anger, and a review expressing a low degree of anger. Reviewing the data, a student concludes that the mere presence of anger in a review may not negatively affect readers’ perceptions of the review, but a high degree of anger in a review does worsen readers’ perceptions of the review.

 QUESTION: Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the students’ conclusion?


They cannot effectively tame certain wild animals because of a lack of compassion.

They cannot focus on setting attainable goals because of a lack of motivation.

They quickly become frustrated when faced with difficult tasks because of a lack of self-control.

They have aspirations that cannot be fulfilled because of certain limitations.

PASSAGE: The following text is adapted from Countee Cullen’s 1926 poem “Thoughts in a Zoo.”

They in their cruel traps, and we in ours,
Survey each other’s rage, and pass the hours
Commiserating each the other’s woe,
To mitigate his own pain’s fiery glow.
Man could but little proffer in exchange
Save that his cages have a larger range.
That lion with his lordly, untamed heart
Has in some man his human counterpart,
Some lofty soul in dreams and visions wrapped,
But in the stifling flesh securely trapped. QUESTION: Based on the text, what challenge do humans sometimes experience?



didn’t show significantly less REM sleep during the second day after returning to land than they did during the first day.

showed no significant differences from one another in baseline levels of REM sleep.

didn’t consistently demonstrate a significant increase in REM sleep after their period of deprivation in the water.

showed no significant difference between REM sleep after returning to land and REM sleep while in the water.

PASSAGE: Research suggests that REM sleep in animals is homeostatically regulated: animals compensate for periods of REM sleep deprivation by increasing subsequent REM sleep. When on land, fur seals get enough REM sleep, but during the weeks they’re in the water, they get almost none. In a study of fur seals’ sleep habits, researchers recorded the REM sleep (as a percentage of baseline) of fur seals once they had returned to land. They concluded that REM sleep may not be homeostatically regulated in fur seals, citing as evidence the fact that the seals in the study _____ QUESTION: Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?



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English

Mathematics

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