Coll and colleagues reported a much higher number of species than Bianchi and Morri did largely due to the inclusion of invertebrate species that had not been described at the time of Bianchi and Morri’s census.

some differences observed in microorganisms may have been treated as variations within species by Bianchi and Morri but treated as indicative of distinct species by Coll and colleagues.

Bianchi and Morri may have been less sensitive to the degree of morphological variation displayed within a typical species of microorganism than Coll and colleagues were.

the absence of clarity regarding how to differentiate among species of microorganisms may have resulted in Colland colleagues underestimating the number of microorganism species.

English

PASSAGE: Marta Coll and colleagues’ 2010 Mediterranean Sea biodiversity census reported approximately 17,000 species, nearly double the number reported in Carlo Bianchi and Carla Morri’s 2000 census—a difference only partly attributable to the description of new invertebrate species in the interim. Another factor is that the morphological variability of microorganisms is poorly understood compared to that of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and algae, creating uncertainty about how to evaluate microorganisms as species. Researchers’ decisions on such matters therefore can be highly consequential. Indeed, the two censuses reported similar counts of vertebrate, plant, and algal species, suggesting that ______ QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?

Factors other than the rise of photography may be more directly responsible for the portrait miniature’s decline.

Although portrait miniatures became less common than photographs, they were widely regarded as having more artistic merit.

The popularity of the portrait miniature likely persisted for longer than art historians have assumed.

As demand for portrait miniatures decreased, portrait artists likely shifted their creative focus to photography.

PASSAGE: A common assumption among art historians is that the invention of photography in the mid-nineteenth century displaced the painted portrait in the public consciousness. The diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature, which coincided with the rise of photography, seems to support this claim. However, photography’s impact on the portrait miniature may be overstated. Although records from art exhibitions in the Netherlands from 1820 to 1892 show a decrease in the number of both full-sized and miniature portraits submitted, this trend was established before the invention of photography. QUESTION: Based on the text, what can be concluded about the diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature in the nineteenth century?

demonstrate the difficulties faced by contemporary historians in conducting research at the Bodleian Library without access to ephemera.

represent the challenge of incorporating examples of ephemera into the collections of libraries and other scholarly institutions.

lend support to arguments by historians and other researchers who continue to assert that ephemera holds no value for scholars.

illustrate both the relatively low scholarly regard in which ephemera was once held and the later recognition of ephemera’s possible utility.

PASSAGE: In her 2021 article “Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera,” scholar Anne Garner discusses John Johnson (1882–1956), a devoted collector of items intended to be discarded, including bus tickets and campaign pamphlets. Johnson recognized that scholarly institutions considered his expansive collection of ephemera to be worthless—indeed, it wasn’t until 1968, after Johnson’s death, that Oxford University’s Bodleian Library acquired the collection, having grasped the items’ potential value to historians and other researchers. Hence, the example of Johnson serves to ______ QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?

A large majority of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement before the next election didn’t respond to the inquiry.

The proportion of municipalities that responded to the inquiry or offered incentives didn’t substantially differ across the announcement timing conditions.

Only around half the municipalities that responded to inquiries mentioning plans for an announcement before the next election offered incentives.

Of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement date after the next election, more than 1,200 didn’t respond and only around 100 offered incentives.

PASSAGE: In the United States, firms often seek incentives from municipal governments to expand to those municipalities. A team of political scientists hypothesized that municipalities are much more likely to respond to firms and offer incentives if expansions can be announced in time to benefit local elected officials than if they can’t. The team contacted officials in thousands of municipalities, inquiring about incentives for a firm looking to expand and indicating that the firm would announce its expansion on a date either just before or just after the next election. QUESTION: Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the team’s hypothesis?

The choice of a New York City venue likely enabled the play’s creators to experiment with the use of theatrical space in a way that venues from earlier productions could not.

Audience members likely find the experience of the play disappointing because they generally cannot make their way through the entire venue.

The production’s dependence on a particular performance environment would likely make it difficult to reproduce exactly in a different theatrical space.

Audience members who navigate the space according to a recommended itinerary will likely have a better grasp of the play’s narrative than audience members who depart from that itinerary. 

PASSAGE: The most recent iteration of the immersive theater experience Sleep No More, which premiered in New York City in 2011, transforms its performance space—a five-story warehouse—into a 1930s-era hotel. Audience members, who wander through the labyrinthine venue at their own pace and follow the actors as they play out simultaneous, interweaving narrative loops, confront the impossibility of experiencing the production in its entirety. The play’s refusal of narrative coherence thus hinges on the sense of spatial fragmentation that the venue’s immense and intricate layout generates. QUESTION: What does the text most strongly suggest about Sleep No More’s use of its performance space?

The LINE transposon in O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides genomes is active in an octopus brain structure that functions similarly to the human hippocampus.

The human genome contains multiple transposons from the LINE family that are all primarily active in the hippocampus.

A consistent number of copies of LINE transposons is present across the genomes of most octopus species, with few known corruptions.

O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides have smaller brains than humans do relative to body size, but their genomes contain sequences from a wider variety of transposon families.

PASSAGE: Although many transposons, DNA sequences that move within an organism’s genome through shuffling or duplication,have become corrupted and inactive over time, those from the long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) family appear to remain active in the genomes of some species. In humans, they are functionally important within the hippocampus, brain structure that supports complex cognitive processes. When the results of molecular analysis of two species of octopus—an animal known for its intelligence—were announced in 2022, the confirmation of a LINE transposon in Octopus vulgaris and Octopus bimaculoides genomes prompted researchers to hypothesize that that transposon family is tied to a species’ capacity for advanced cognition.
 QUESTION: Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?

Barve’s investigation shows that some species of Himalayan songbirds have evolved feathers that better regulate body temperature than do the feathers of other species, contradicting previous predictions.

Barve found an association between habitat temperature and feather structure among Himalayan songbirds, lending new support to a general prediction.

Barve discovered that songbirds have adapted to their environment by growing feathers without flat and smooth sections, complicating an earlier hypothesis.

The results of Barve’s study suggest that the ability of birds to withstand cold temperatures is determined more strongly by feather length than feather structure, challenging an established belief.

PASSAGE: Biologists have predicted that birds’ feather structures vary with habitat temperature, but this hadn’t been tested in mountain environments. Ornithologist Sahas Barve studied feathers from 249 songbird species inhabiting different elevations—and thus experiencing different temperatures—in the Himalaya Mountains. He found that feathers of high-elevation species not only have a greater proportion of warming downy sections to flat and smooth sections than do feathers of low-elevation species, but high-elevation species’ feathers also tend to be longer, providing a thicker layer of insulation.






 QUESTION: Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

find the disruptions more irritating as time went on

 rate the listening experience as more negative than those whose listening experience was uninterrupted.

rate the experience of listening to construction noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.

 perceive the volume of the construction noise as growing softer over time.

PASSAGE: Researchers recently found that disruptions to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of advertisements during a television show, often increase viewers' reported enjoyment. Suspecting that disruptions to an unpleasant experience would have the opposite effect, the researchers had participants listen to construction noise for 30 minutes and anticipated that those whose listening experience was frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus ______ QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?

Isoguanine and purine were detected in both meteorite samples but not in the soil sample.

 Adenine and xanthine were detected in both of the meteorite samples and in the soil sample.

 Hypoxanthine and purine were detected in both the Murchison meteorite sample 2 and in the soil sample.

 Isoguanine and hypoxanthine were detected in the Murchison meteorite sample 1 but not in sample 2.

PASSAGE: Employing high-performance liquid chromatography—a process that uses pressurized water to separate material into its component molecules—astrochemist Yashiro Oba and colleagues analyzed two samples of the Murchison meteorite that landed in Australia as well as soil from the landing zone of the meteorite to determine the concentrations of various organic molecules. By comparing the relative concentrations of types of molecules known as nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite with those in the soil, the team concluded that there is evidence that the nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite formed in space and are not the result of contamination on Earth.








 QUESTION: Which choice best describes data from the table that support the team’s conclusion?

It holds a greater number of fossils but from a smaller variety of species than the formation in the Minatogawa quarry does.

It has provided evidence that the earliest human species may have emerged before the Pleistocene era.

It is widely considered by paleontologists to be the most valuable source of information about prehistoric life forms.

 It contains specimens from an older time period than those found in the formation in the Minatogawa quarry.

PASSAGE: Paleontologists searching for signs of ancient life have found many fossilized specimens of prehistoric human ancestors, including several from the Pleistocene era discovered in a geological formation in the Minatogawa quarry in Japan. However, to study the emergence of the earliest multicellular organisms to appear on Earth, researchers must turn elsewhere, such as to the Ediacaran geological formation at Mistaken Point in Canada. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the 146-hectare reserve contains more than 10,000 fossils that together document a critical moment in evolutionary history. QUESTION: What does the text indicate about the geological formation at Mistaken Point?

 The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.

 The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful river counties.

The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited location.

The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame them.

PASSAGE: The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe's 1849 story "Landor's Cottage."

During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, I found myself, as the 1  day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for the last hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer knew in what direction lay the sweet village of 2  B--, where I had determined to stop for the night QUESTION: Which choice best states the main idea of the text?



Many have come to tolerate him despite his disheveled appearance.

Few feel concerned that he will divulge their confidences.

Some dislike how freely he discusses his own family.

Most would be unimpressed by him were it not for his professional expertise.

PASSAGE: The following text is adapted from María Cristina Mena’s 1914 short story “The Vine-Leaf.”

"It is a saying in the capital of Mexico that Dr. Malsufrido carries more family secrets under his hat than any archbishop.
The doctor’s hat is, appropriately enough, uncommonly capacious, rising very high, and sinking so low that it seems to be supported by his ears and eyebrows, and it has a furry look, as if it had been brushed the wrong way, which is perhaps what happens to it if it is ever brushed at all. When the doctor takes it off, the family secrets do not fly out like a flock of parrots, but remain nicely bottled up beneath a dome of old and highly polished ivory." QUESTION: Based on the text, how do people in the capital of Mexico most likely regard Dr. Malsufrido?



"At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, about 2 percent of the adult male population of England were monks; by 1690, the proportion of the adult male population who were monks was less than 1 percent."    

"A contemporary description of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Michael Sherbrook's Falle of the Religious Howses, recounts witness testimony that monks were allowed to keep the contents of their cells and that the monastery timber was purchased by local yeomen."

"In 1535, the year before enacting the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry commissioned a survey of the value of church holdings in England-the work, performed by sheriffs, bishops, and magistrates, began that January and was swiftly completed by the summer."

"The October 1536 revolt known as the Pilgrimage of Grace had several economic motives: high food prices due to a poor harvest the prior year, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, which closed reliable sources of food and shelter for many; and rents and taxes throughout Northern England that were not merely high but predatory."

PASSAGE: In 1534 CE, King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, in part because Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Two years later, Henry VIII introduced a policy titled the Dissolution of the Monasteries that by 1540 had resulted in the closure of all Catholic monasteries in England and the confiscation of their estates. Some historians assert that the enactment of the policy was primarily motivated by perceived financial opportunities.
 QUESTION: Which quotation from a scholarly article best supports the assertion of the historians mentioned in the text?

On average, participants’ ratings of the helpfulness of the review were substantially higher than were participants’ ratings of the reviewed product regardless of which type of review participants had seen.

Compared with participants who saw the control review, participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful, whereas participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful.

Participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful than participants who saw the control review did, but participants’ attitude toward the reviewed product was slightly worse when participants saw the low-anger review than when they saw the no-anger review.

Compared with participants who saw the low-anger review, participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful and had a less positive attitude toward the reviewed product.

PASSAGE: To understand how expressions of anger in reviews of products affect readers of those reviews, business scholar Dezhi Yin and colleagues measured study participants’ responses to three versions of the same negative review—a control review expressing no anger, a review expressing a high degree of anger, and a review expressing a low degree of anger. Reviewing the data, a student concludes that the mere presence of anger in a review may not negatively affect readers’ perceptions of the review, but a high degree of anger in a review does worsen readers’ perceptions of the review.

 QUESTION: Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the students’ conclusion?


They cannot effectively tame certain wild animals because of a lack of compassion.

They cannot focus on setting attainable goals because of a lack of motivation.

They quickly become frustrated when faced with difficult tasks because of a lack of self-control.

They have aspirations that cannot be fulfilled because of certain limitations.

PASSAGE: The following text is adapted from Countee Cullen’s 1926 poem “Thoughts in a Zoo.”

They in their cruel traps, and we in ours,
Survey each other’s rage, and pass the hours
Commiserating each the other’s woe,
To mitigate his own pain’s fiery glow.
Man could but little proffer in exchange
Save that his cages have a larger range.
That lion with his lordly, untamed heart
Has in some man his human counterpart,
Some lofty soul in dreams and visions wrapped,
But in the stifling flesh securely trapped. QUESTION: Based on the text, what challenge do humans sometimes experience?



didn’t show significantly less REM sleep during the second day after returning to land than they did during the first day.

showed no significant differences from one another in baseline levels of REM sleep.

didn’t consistently demonstrate a significant increase in REM sleep after their period of deprivation in the water.

showed no significant difference between REM sleep after returning to land and REM sleep while in the water.

PASSAGE: Research suggests that REM sleep in animals is homeostatically regulated: animals compensate for periods of REM sleep deprivation by increasing subsequent REM sleep. When on land, fur seals get enough REM sleep, but during the weeks they’re in the water, they get almost none. In a study of fur seals’ sleep habits, researchers recorded the REM sleep (as a percentage of baseline) of fur seals once they had returned to land. They concluded that REM sleep may not be homeostatically regulated in fur seals, citing as evidence the fact that the seals in the study _____ QUESTION: Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?



Under both temperature conditions, less than 10% of sites were in the up-to-25% group, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, almost 80% of sites could have all their local heating needs met by thermal pollution.

At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites have no need for supplemental local home heating from subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 70% of sites exhibit significantly greater home heating needs.

At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of sites can meet, at most, 25% of local home heating needs with subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 80% of sites can meet greater than 25% of local home heating needs.

 At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites cannot use subsurface thermal pollution to meet any portion of local home heating needs, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, that percentage drops below 20%.

PASSAGE: Urbanization, industrialization, and the warming climate create thermal pollution (excess heat) in the shallow subsurface soil. Susanne A. Benz and colleagues analyzed thousands of sites on three continents under one scenario in which surface temperature remains at the current level and under another in which the surface reaches the maximum plausible temperature. They then categorized each site according to the percentage of local home heating needs that could be met using this excess subsurface heat. The team concluded that if surface temperature approaches the maximum plausible level, the percentage of sites where thermal pollution could feasibly contribute to meeting home heating needs will increase.

 QUESTION: Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Benz and colleagues’ conclusion?



The temperature inside the roasting drum is distributed more evenly when roasting green chiles with solar power than with propane.

Attempts to roast green chiles using 50 heliostats yields results in fewer than six minutes.

Green chile connoisseurs prefer the flavor of solar-roasted green chiles over the flavor of propane-roasted green chiles.

The skins of solar-roasted green chiles are easier to peel than the skins of propane-roasted green chiles.

PASSAGE: Roasted green chiles are a popular ingredient in Southwestern cuisine, but the traditional roasting method of burning propane is not environmentally friendly. To see if solar power could provide a better alternative, engineer Kenneth Armijo and his team roasted batches of green chiles using between 38 and 42 heliostats, which are devices that concentrate sunlight. The team was successful in reaching the same roasting temperature used in traditional propane roasting, but they found that propane yielded faster results. While the fastest solar-roasted green chiles took six minutes, batches using propane took only four. Armijo hypothesizes that they can reduce the roasting time for solar-roasted green chiles by using more heliostats.

 QUESTION: Which finding, if true, would most directly support Armijo’s hypothesis?



strong enough to generate about 150 thousand more MWh of electricity from wind turbines.

so weak that the electricity from wind turbines was about 175 thousand MWh less than predicted.

so weak that the electricity from wind turbines was about 150 thousand MWh less than predicted.

strong enough to generate about 175 thousand more MWh of electricity from wind turbines.

PASSAGE: Electric companies that use wind turbines rely on weather forecasts to predict the maximum amount of power, in megawatt-hours (MWh), they can generate using wind so that they can determine how much they'll need to generate from other sources. When winds are stronger than they were forecast to be, however, the predicted maximum amount of electricity wind turbines could generate will be too low. For example, the graph shows that for the West region, the winds were _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?



the presence of some kinds of underwater plants like watermilfoil helps prevent methane from escaping shallow lakes and ponds.

shallow lakes and ponds release more methane than deeper bodies of water because shallow bodies of water usually have more plants than deep bodies of water do.

shallow lakes and ponds are more likely to contain algae than to contain either watermilfoil or duckweed.

having a mix of algae, underwater plants, and floating plants is the best way to reduce the amount of methane in shallow lakes and ponds.

PASSAGE: Microbes that live in shallow lakes and ponds produce methane, a harmful greenhouse gas. Ecologist Ralf Aben and his team wanted to see how different types of shallow-water plants might affect the amount of methane that escapes into the atmosphere. Aben’s team set up some water tanks with soil and microbes from local ponds. Some tanks had a type of underwater plant that grows in the soil called watermilfoil. Other tanks had either duckweed, a type of plant that floats on the water’s surface, or algae. Aben and his team found that tanks with duckweed and algae released higher levels of methane than tanks with watermilfoil did. This finding suggests that _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?



They are investigating whether people’s sense of smell has declined in recent centuries.

They believe the scents could illuminate important aspects of ancient life.

They think that ancient scents would be enjoyable to people today.

They hope to develop new medicines using ancient scent molecules.

PASSAGE: Scent is tightly interwoven with our daily lives, often evoking significant memories and important social events. This connection is of growing interest to archaeologists who hope to use it to better understand ancient rituals, trade, social hierarchies, and medicine. Although the speed at which odor molecules dissipate makes identifying ancient scents challenging, advancements in biomolecular technologies show promise in unlocking ancient aromas from preserved artifacts. Archaeological studies making use of these advancements may provide new insights into past societies.

 QUESTION: According to the text, what is one reason some archaeologists are interested in recovering scents from ancient artifacts?



The rules that allow for networks to exhibit behaviors like those of grid cells have no equivalent in the function of biological brains.

The networks that do not exhibit behaviors like those of grid cells were nonetheless programmed with rules that had proven useful in earlier neural-network studies.

Neural networks can often accomplish tasks that biological brains do, but they are typically programmed with rules to model multiple types of brain cells simultaneously.

Once a neural network is programmed, it is trained on certain tasks to see if it can independently arrive at processes that are similar to those performed by biological brains.

PASSAGE: Neural networks are computer models intended to reflect the organization of human brains and are often used in studies of brain function. According to an analysis of 11,000 such networks, Rylan Schaeffer and colleagues advise caution when drawing conclusions about brains from observations of neural networks. They found that when attempting to mimic grid cells (brain cells used in navigation), while 90% of the networks could accomplish navigation-related tasks, only about 10% of those exhibited any behaviors similar to those of grid cells. [But even this approximation of grid-cell activity has less to do with similarity between the neural networks and biological brains than it does with the rules programmed into the networks.]

 QUESTION: Which finding, if true, would most directly support the claim made in [the bracketed sentence]?


At 24 hours, less than 10% of seeds treated with H₂S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas more than 90% of those seeds had germinated at 168 hours.

At 48 hours, more than 70% of seeds treated with H₂S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only approximately 50% of untreated seeds had germinated.

At 168 hours, more than 90% of seeds treated with H₂S at concentrations of 10 or 500 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas less than 70% of untreated seeds had germinated.

At 48 hours, approximately 50% of seeds treated with H₂S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only approximately 30% of untreated seeds had germinated.

PASSAGE: In high concentrations, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is typically toxic to many plants. Frederick D. Dooley and colleagues wanted to understand what effects low doses of H₂S might have on plant growth. They treated bean, corn, wheat, and pea seeds with various concentrations (measured in micromoles per liter) of H₂S and tracked the germination of those seeds along with the germination of untreated seeds. Treatment with particular concentrations of H₂S was associated with accelerated germination: for example, _____ QUESTION: Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?



prove financially successful for some musicians but disappointing for others.

hold greater financial appeal for bands than for individual musicians.

cause most musicians who use the model to lower the suggested prices of their songs and albums over time.

more strongly reflect differences in certain musicians’ popularity than traditional pricing models do.

PASSAGE: In their book Smart Pricing, Jagmohan Raju and Z. John Zhang consider musicians’ use of the nontraditional “pay as you wish” pricing model. This model generally offers listeners the choice to pay more or less than a suggested price for a song or album—or even to pay nothing at all. As the authors note, that’s the option most listeners chose for an album by the band Harvey Danger. Only about 1% opted to pay for the album, resulting in earnings below the band’s expectations. But the authors also discuss musician Jane Siberry, who saw significant earnings from her “pay as you wish” online music store as a result of many listeners choosing to pay more than the store’s suggested prices. Hence, the “pay as you wish” model may _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?



Doyle’s original stories will become hard to find.

people will become more interested in detective stories than they were in the 1800s.

producing adaptations will become easier and less expensive.

the former copyright holders of Doyle’s estate will return fees they collected.

PASSAGE: Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories about detective Sherlock Holmes were published between 1887 and 1927. They have inspired countless successful adaptations, including comic strips, movies, and a television series Sherlock Hound, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, who is celebrated for his animated movies. Until 2014, these stories were copyrighted. The right to adapt was only available to those who could afford the copyright fee and gain approval from the strict copyright holders of Doyle’s estate. Some journalists predict that the number of Sherlock Holmes adaptations is likely to increase since the end of copyright means that _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?



The soil surrounding healthy plants contained significantly higher concentrations of microbes known to inhibit Ralstonia solanacearum than the soil surrounding diseased plants did.

The soil surrounding the plants contained high concentrations of Ralstonia solanacearum regardless of whether the plants were affected by wilt disease.

The soil surrounding healthy plants tended to have significantly higher moisture levels than the soil surrounding diseased plants did.

By the end of the experiment, over half the plants had been affected by wilt disease regardless of differences in the types and concentrations of microbes in the surrounding soil.

PASSAGE: Plants like potatoes, tomatoes, and soybeans are susceptible to bacterial wilt disease caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. A multinational team of scientists led by Zhong Wei studied whether other microbes in the soil might influence the degree to which plants are affected by the disease. The team sampled soil surrounding individual tomato plants over time and compared the results of plants that became diseased with those that remained healthy. They concluded that the presence of certain microbes in the soil might explain the difference between healthy and diseased plants.

 QUESTION: Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s conclusion?



 Artifacts K5_106 and K3_9 were exposed to temperatures above 400°C.

Artifacts L5_239 and K3_18 were exposed to temperatures of approximately 550°C and 650°C, respectively.

 All of the artifacts were exposed to temperatures above 100°C.

Artifact K3_9 was exposed to a higher temperature than was artifact K5_106.

PASSAGE: Flint artifacts dating to 800,000 to 1,000,000 years ago have been recovered from the Evron Quarry in Israel. Likely created by the hominin Homo erectus, the artifacts have no visual features suggesting that they were exposed to fire, leading some scholars to conclude that these hominins had not acquired control of fire. But Zane Stepka and colleagues recently used a new method to determine whether these artifacts had been exposed to temperatures above 400°C (the typical temperature campfires reach) and concluded that the hominins who inhabited the site may have had control of fire.

 QUESTION: Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the team’s conclusion?



Its dimensions and shape indicate that it is unlikely to have formed as the result of an asteroid or comet impact.

It has features suggesting that it once held an ocean that underwent gradual sea-level changes over an extended time.

Its physical characteristics are most consistent with it having formed as a result of a massive but short-lived influx of liquid water.

It is surrounded by channels that could have been formed either by running water or by flowing lava.

PASSAGE: Although it’s clear that Mars once had liquid water on its surface, astronomers have debated whether the evidence of ancient water reflects a prolonged phase of warm, wet conditions—the so-called wet and warm scenario—or a brief period of melting in an otherwise consistently frozen environment. Researchers Benjamin T. Cardenas and Michael P. Lamb recently added to this debate by using data from NASA and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter to map the topography of what is now a large basin in Mars’s northern hemisphere. Cardenas and Lamb concluded that the wet and warm scenario is likely correct.

 QUESTION: Which finding about the basin, if true, would most directly support Cardenas and Lamb’s conclusion?



“The opportunities and advantages already offered and constantly increasing are greater than would at first be considered possible.”

“The social and the picturesque charm of the long journey is singularly enhanced by the leisurely stops made for refreshment.”

"The real journey begins, of course, at Chicago, and as these trains leave in the evening the traveller fares forth in the seclusion of his berth.”

"One experiences a certain sense of detachment from ordinary day and daylight duties that is exhilarating.”

PASSAGE: The Land of Enchantment is a 1906 travel book by Lilian Whiting. In the book, which describes the experience of traveling through the southwestern United States by train, Whiting reflects on the escape from everyday life that such a journey provides: _____

 QUESTION: Which quotation from The Land of Enchantment most effectively illustrates the claim?



F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely disappears as they mature to promote socialization between different F. hypoleuca populations.

F. hypoleuca nestlings who show an early preference for their own dialect are likely to receive more food from their caretakers than nestlings who show no preferences among any F. hypoleuca dialects.

F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely drives them when they mature to reproduce with other F. hypoleuca from local rather than nonlocal populations.

F. hypoleuca nestlings show a preference for both local F. hypoleuca dialects and the songs of other local songbirds over the songs of nonlocal birds of any species.

PASSAGE: Songbirds learn to respond to and imitate their species’ songs from an early age. With each generation, small differences are introduced that result in distinct variations—called dialects—among geographically isolated populations of the same species. A research study examined whether twelve-day-old Ficedula hypoleuca (pied flycatcher) nestlings prefer local dialects over the unfamiliar dialects of nonlocal F. hypoleuca populations: the more begging calls the nestlings made in response to a song, the stronger their preference. The researchers found that nestlings produced more begging calls in response to their own dialect than to nonlocal dialects. Since song preference plays a role in songbird mate selection, the finding suggests that _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?



Mbaqanga and quan họ developed independently of each other and have little in common musically.

Mbaqanga is significantly more popular in the English-speaking world than quan họ is.

Mbaqanga and quan họ are now performed by a diverse array of musicians with no direct connections to South Africa or Vietnam.

Mbaqanga and quan họ are highly distinct from British and North American popular music genres but similar to each other.

PASSAGE: In the 1980s, many musicians and journalists in the English-speaking world began to draw attention to music from around the globe—such as mbaqanga from South Africa and quan họ from Vietnam—that can’t be easily categorized according to British or North American popular music genres, typically referring to such music as “world music.” While some scholars have welcomed this development for bringing diverse musical forms to prominence in countries where they’d previously been overlooked, musicologist Su Zheng claims that the concept of world music homogenizes highly distinct traditions by reducing them all to a single category.

 QUESTION: Which finding about mbaqanga and quan họ, if true, would most directly support Zheng’s claim?



people who mainly shop online probably spend more money every month than people who mainly shop in person do.

in-person shopping may make products seem more valuable than they seem if only viewed online.

retailers with in-person and online stores should charge the same price for a given product in both places.

online retailers may be able to raise the prices they charge for products that are only available online.

PASSAGE: One aspect of in-person shopping that online shopping can’t replicate is the opportunity to touch a product before buying it. Does this difference matter? In an experiment, researchers asked one group of participants to touch a mug and a toy, while another group was prohibited from touching the two items. The participants were then asked how much money they’d pay for the items. People who got to touch the items were willing to pay much more money for them than were people who weren’t allowed to touch the items. This finding suggests that _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?



“Above all, when she heard him declare, that of music and dancing he was passionately fond, she gave him such a look of approbation as secured the largest share of his discourse to herself for the rest of his stay.”

“Their taste was strikingly alike. The same books, the same passages were idolized by each—or if any difference appeared, any objection arose, it lasted no longer than till the force of her arguments and the brightness of her eyes could be displayed.”

“It was only necessary to mention any favourite amusement to engage her to talk. She could not be silent when such points were introduced, and she had neither shyness nor reserve in their discussion.”

“They speedily discovered that their enjoyment of dancing and music was mutual, and that it arose from a general conformity of judgment in all that related to either. Encouraged by this to a further examination of his opinions, she proceeded to question him on the subject of books.”

PASSAGE: Sense and Sensibility is an 1811 novel by Jane Austen. In the novel, Austen describes Marianne Dashwood’s ability to persuade others of the rightness of her artistic judgments, as is evident when Marianne visits with John Willoughby, a potential suitor: _____

 QUESTION: Which quotation from Sense and Sensibility most effectively illustrates the claim?



the lowest temperature for both Ramah and Tuba City was 50°.

the lowest temperature for both Cameron and Teec Nos Pos was 65°.

Tuba City’s average highest temperature was 94°, while Teec Nos Pos’s was 93°.

Ramah’s average highest temperature was 83°, while Cameron’s was 99°.

PASSAGE: The Navajo Nation has the largest land area of any tribal nation in the United States: over 27,000 square miles in the Southwest. Because this area is so huge and its communities are located at various elevations, the people of the Navajo Nation can experience different climate conditions depending on where they live. For example, in July, _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?



and they each reported the same level of comfort.

even though each participant’s ratings varied throughout the day.

but participant 20 reported feeling significantly colder than the other two participants did.

but participant 1 reported feeling warmer than the other two participants did.

PASSAGE: Nan Gao and her team conducted multiple surveys to determine participants’ levels of comfort in a room where the temperature was regulated by a commercial climate control system. Participants filled out surveys several times a day to indicate their level of comfort on a scale from –3 (very cold) to +3 (very hot), with 0 indicating neutral (neither warm nor cool), and to indicate how they would prefer the temperature to be adjusted. The table shows three participants’ responses in one of the surveys. According to the table, all three participants wanted the room to be cooler, _____ QUESTION: Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?



focus on the characters’ beliefs about social and political issues as revealed by the characters’ actions.

reflect on social and political phenomena not directly related to patriarchy and colonialism.

recognize pertinent social and political parallels between Germany during Brecht’s time and England at the time when Churchill was writing Cloud 9.

be dispassionate as they think critically about the social and political questions raised by the play.

PASSAGE: German theater practitioner Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) believed that theater should elicit an intellectual rather than an emotional response from audiences, provoking them to consider social and political realities that extend beyond the characters and events depicted onstage. Brecht’s influence can be seen in English playwright Caryl Churchill’s 1979 play Cloud 9: although the play sometimes invites empathetic reactions, it primarily works to engage audiences in an interrogation of patriarchy and colonialism, which it does by placing audiences at a distance, thereby encouraging them to _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?



The recent verification of a pathway between the VTA and the cerebellum confirms the cerebellum’s long-suspected role in motor coordination.

Recent advances in the field of neuroscience have challenged widely accepted claims about the function of a pathway connecting the VTA and the cerebellum.

The cerebellum has primarily been thought to regulate motor functioning, but in recent years neuroscience researchers have been uncovering additional functions.

Technological limitations have historically hindered the study of the cerebellum, but the recent development of new technologies has led to greater insights into its functions.

PASSAGE: For centuries, the widespread acknowledgment of the involvement of the cerebellum—a dense brain structure in vertebrates—in coordinating motor control in humans has hindered recognition of other possible functions of the structure. Neuroscience research from the last two decades now suggests that the cerebellum regulates emotion and social behavior, and recent research by Ilaria Carta and colleagues has identified a pathway connecting the cerebellum to a center for motivation and reward processing known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

 QUESTION: Which choice best states the main idea of the text?



The students who initially formed Gidra each contributed financially to its creation.

In addition to covering current events, Gidra also featured works of art and literature.

Gidra was initially based out of the Asian American Studies Center at UCLA.

People would often give their copies of Gidra to others once they had finished reading an issue.

PASSAGE: As a monthly newsletter formed in 1969 by a group of Asian American students at the University of California, Los Angeles, Gidra helped raise awareness about social and political issues concerning the Asian American community on campus and at large. The newsletter had an expansive reach for a publication of its kind: around 4,000 copies were published each month. A student writing a history paper, however, hypothesizes that Gidra's influence cannot be measured by the number of newsletters published monthly alone.

 QUESTION: Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s hypothesis?



The rise in copper production in Michigan slowed from 1902 to 1909.

Montana and Arizona produced more copper than Michigan did in 1909.

Fewer than 100 million pounds of copper were produced in Arizona in 1889.

Copper production rose significantly from 1889 to 1909 for Arizona, Michigan, and Montana.

PASSAGE: Copper had been mined in the US for thousands of years, but large-scale commercial mining of copper took off starting in the late 1800s. This was due to several factors. Technological advancements in the mining industry led to improvements in the production of copper. This helped the country keep up with the growing number of people wanting to buy copper starting in the 1890s. At the same time, the growth of the railroad system made the transportation of copper in large batches much easier. Several states saw rapid growth in the production of this resource, for example: ______


 QUESTION: Which choice most effectively uses the data in the graph to complete the example?




the information about silica concentrations collected by the spacecraft is likely more reliable than the silica information gleaned from infrared wavelengths detected from Mars’s surface.

high silica concentrations on Mars likely formed from a different process than that which formed the crusts of other planets.

having a clearer understanding of the composition of Mars’s crust and the processes by which it formed will provide more insight into how Earth’s crust formed.

Mars’s crust likely formed as a result of other major geological events in addition to the cooling of a magma ocean.

PASSAGE: Scientists studying Mars long thought the history of its crust was relatively simple. One reason for this is that geologic and climate data collected by a spacecraft showed that the crust was largely composed of basalt, likely as a result of intense volcanic activity that brought about a magma ocean, which then cooled to form the planet’s surface. A study led by Valerie Payré focused on additional information—further analysis of data collected by the spacecraft and infrared wavelengths detected from Mars’s surface—that revealed the presence of surprisingly high concentrations of silica in certain regions on Mars. Since a planetary surface that formed in a mostly basaltic environment would be unlikely to contain large amounts of silica, Payré concluded that _____

 QUESTION: Which choice most logically completes the text?



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